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ASVAB Section 2 : Arithmetic Reasoning
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ASVAB-Word-Knowledge ASVAB Section 1 : Word Knowledge
ASVAB-Arithmetic-Reasoning ASVAB Section 2 : Arithmetic Reasoning
ASVAB-Mechanical-Comp ASVAB Section 3 : Mechanical Comprehension
ASVAB-Automotive-and-Shop ASVAB Section 4 : Automotive & Shop Information
ASVAB-Electronic-Info ASVAB Section 5 : Electronic Information
ASVAB-Mathematics-Knowledge ASVAB Section 6 : Mathematics Knowledge
ASVAB-General-Science ASVAB Section 7: General Science
ASVAB-Paragraph-comp ASVAB Section 8: Paragraph comprehension
ASVAB-Assembling-Objects ASVAB Section 9 : Assembling Objects

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ASVAB-Arithmetic-Reasoning
ASVAB Section 2 : Arithmetic Reasoning
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Question: 252
A baker made 20 pies. A Boy Scout troop buys one-fourth of his pies, a preschool teacher buys one-third of his
pies, and a caterer buys one-sixth of his pies.
How many pies does the baker have left?
A. 3/4
B. 15
C. 12
D. 5
Answer: D
Convert the different denominators to a common denominator that all the denominators can divide into evenly. 4, 3,
and 6 all divide evenly into 12. To convert 1,4 to x,12, divide 12 (the new common denominator) by 4 (the old
common denominator) to get 3. Then multiply 1,4 by 3,3 (another way of saying 1). Do the same calculation for the
other fractions: 1,3 = 4,12 and 1,6 = 2,12.
Then add the new numerators together: 3 + 4 + 2 = 9. This gives you your new added numerator. Place the added
numerator over the new denominator, and you can see that 9,12 of the pies have been sold. 9,12 can be reduced to
3,4. 3,4 or 75% of the pies have been sold.
20 x 0.75 = 15. 15 of 20 pies have been sold. 20 15 = 5 pies remaining
Question: 253
Miriam bought five cases of motor oil on sale. A case of motor oil normally costs $24.00, but she was able to
purchase the oil for $22.50 a case.
How much money did Miriam save on her entire purchase?
A. $7.50
B. $1.50
C. $8.00
D. $22.50
Answer: A
Subtract the sale price from the regular price: $24.00 $22.50 = $1.50. Multiply the remainder by the number of
cases to get your Answer: $1.50 x 5 = $7.50.
Question: 254
Joe received an hourly wage of $8.15. His boss gave him a 7% raise.
How much does Joe make per hour now?
A. $0.57
B. $8.90
C. $8.72
D. $13.85
Answer: C
To calculate the new wage, start off by multiplying $8.15 x 0.07 = $0.57.
Then add that number (the amount of Joes raise) to his original hourly wage. Joes new hourly wage is $8.15 +
$0.57 = $8.72.
Question: 255
Alice leaves her house, driving east at 45 miles per hour (mph). Thirty minutes later, her husband Dave notices she
forgot her cell phone and sets off after her.
How fast must Dave travel in order to catch up with Alice 3 hours after he leaves?
A. 49 mph
B. 50.5 mph
C. 52.5 mph
D. 54 mph
Answer: C
By the time Dave leaves, Alice has already been traveling for half an hour. Three hours later, she wouldve been
traveling for 31,2 hours at 45 mph, or 157.5 miles. In order to travel 157.5 miles in 3 hours, Dave would have to
travel at 52.5 mph (divide 157.5 by 3).
Question: 256
Carpet stain protector costs $0.65 per square yard to apply.
How much will it cost to apply the protectant to a 16-foot x 18-foot carpet?
A. $187.20
B. $62.40
C. $20.80
D. $96.00
Answer: C
To determine the number of square yards to be protected, multiply 16 feet by 18 feet to determine the number of
square feet, 288.
Then divide 288 by 9 to convert square feet to square yards (1 square yard = 3 feet x 3 feet = 9 square feet).
Multiply the quotient, 32 square yards, by the cost of protection per square yard, $0.65, to get the correct answer,
$20.80. Remember to perform all the steps in a calculation.
Question: 257
A printing plant that produces baseball cards has a monthly overhead of $6,000. It costs 18 cents to print each card,
and the cards sell for 30 cents each.
How many cards must the printing plant sell each month in order to make a profit?
A. 30,000
B. 40,000
C. 50,000
D. 60,000
Answer: C
Let x = the number of cards printed and sold each month. Therefore, cost is equal to 6000 + 18x, and revenue is
equal to 0.30x.
Youre looking for the point where revenue is greater than the cost (revenue > cost). The inequity is 0.30x > 6000
+ 18x. Subtracting 18x from both sides of the inequity results in 0.12x > 6000. Divide both sides by 0.12. The
result is that x > 50,000.
The printing plant would have to print and sell 50,000 cards per month to make a profit.
Question: 258
How many square feet of carpeting are needed to carpet a 12-foot x 12-foot room?
A. 24
B. 120
C. 48
D. 144
Answer: D
Square footage is determined by multiplying length by width, or 12 x 12 = 144.
Question: 259
Jennys test grades are 93, 89, 96, and 98.
If she wishes to raise her average to 95, what does she need to score on her next test?
A. 100
B. 99
C. 97
D. 95
Answer: B
To determine Jennys average, add the test scores and divide the sum by the number of tests taken.
You want to know what she would need to make on the next test in order to achieve an average of 95.
The formula can be set up as (93 + 89 + 96 + 98 + x)5 = 95. Combining the like terms results in (376 + x) 5 = 95.
Multiplying both sides by 5 results in 376 + x = 475. So, x = 99.
Question: 260
A waitress earns an average tip of 12% of the cost of the food she serves.
If she serves $375 worth of food in one evening, how much money in tips will she earn on average?
A. $37
B. $45
C. $42
D. $420
Answer: B
Multiply the total amount spent on drinks, $375, by 12% to determine the amount of tips. $375 x 0.12 = $45.
Question: 261
The sum of two numbers is 70. One number is 8 more than the other.Whats the smaller number?
A. 31
B. 33
C. 35
D. 36
Answer: A
Let x = the smaller number and x + 8 equal the larger number.
Because the sum of the two numbers equals 70, you can express this mathematically as x + (x + 8) = 70.
Now all you have to do is solve for x. Combine the like terms: 2x + 8 = 70. Then subtract 8 from both sides of the
equation: 2x + 8 8 = 70 8, or 2x = 62. Divide both sides of the equation by two, and you find that x is equal to
31.
Question: 262
A sales manager buys antacid in bottles by the gross.
If he goes through 3 bottles of antacid every day, how long will the gross last?
A. 144 days
B. 3 days
C. 20 days
D. 48 days
Answer: D
144 bottles are in a gross. 144 x 3 (bottles per day) = 48 days.
Question: 263
If a car is towed 12 miles to the repair shop, and the tow charge is $3.50 per mile, how much did the tow cost?
A. $12.00
B. $3.50
C. $42.00
D. $100.00
Answer: C
Multiply 12 miles by $3.50 per mile to get $42.00.
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Military Arithmetic thinking - BingNews https://killexams.com/pass4sure/exam-detail/ASVAB-Arithmetic-Reasoning Search results Military Arithmetic thinking - BingNews https://killexams.com/pass4sure/exam-detail/ASVAB-Arithmetic-Reasoning https://killexams.com/exam_list/Military "Girl math" vs. "boy math": Math teachers weigh in on the viral meme—and how to talk about it in classrooms


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“Girl math” vs. “boy math”: Math teachers weigh in on the viral meme—and how to talk about it in classrooms

classroom setting POV students watching teacher at whiteboard

The evolving landscape of social media is constantly creating new trends that capture the collective imagination of social media users with a blend of humor and relatability. This has been the case with “girl math” and its counterpart “boy math” – terms that have transcended meme culture and for many, have become shorthand for gender-specific reasoning in everyday scenarios.  

Beyond the likes, shares, and occasional eye-rolls, though, what do actual math educators think about these trends? Are they just harmless fun, or can they enforce gender stereotypes that may impact young minds and their academic choices? 

Study.com turned to news reports to figure out what is the girl math and boy math phenomenon and spoke with math educators to gain their insights on this trending topic. 

Unpacking the Trend of Girl and Boy Math 

“Girl math” started as a lighthearted way for women to share the often humorous and convoluted logic behind their daily decisions, such as aligning hair-washing schedules with social events or justifying shopping sprees for free shipping.  

According to a UK-based online newspaper the Standard, the term was coined on the morning radio show “Fletch, Vaughan, and Hayley” in New Zealand but soon spread around the world thanks to TikTok.  

On the flip side, “boy math” has emerged as a playful response, encompassing its own set of stereotypes, like overestimating one’s ability to perform heroic feats or contemplating historical trivia. 

“One of my favorite things has been seeing other people’s variations of [girl math],” Hayley Sproull, who originally coined the trend, told Capsulenz.com. “There’s ‘girl measuring’ which is that classic thing where they try and measure stuff with their hands and get it wildly wrong. People are putting their own spin on it.” 

Math Educators Weigh In 

As these terms swirl through the corridors of social media, they’ve inevitably reached the ears of those who deal with actual mathematical equations daily: math teachers. They talked to a few of them to get their thoughts on this social media trend and its influence on young minds. 

Cianetta Saunders, currently a practicing teacher at Indian Trails Middle School and formerly a 6th-grade math teacher in Seminole County, Florida, recognizes a positive side, noting that the trend can make math feel more relatable and accessible to students. “They spark conversation around math and get people thinking about their thought processes in a lighthearted and humorous way,” she told Study.com.  

Aaron Wertheimer, a former full-time math teacher turned marketing writer who still tutors math part-time, has mixed feelings. Initially, he was concerned that “girl math” might perpetuate stereotypes about women in STEM fields, but he soon realized that this was not necessarily the case. “Many social media posts around girl math and boy math had nothing to do with the ability of a person to be involved in mathematics professions,” he observed. 

Abi Ruiz, a mathematics and science educator and National Science Foundation fellow at the University of Central Florida, raised concerns about the oversimplification of math based on gender. “It’s like they’re painting math with a broad brush based on gender, and that can be problematic,” Ruiz remarked. She emphasized the importance of breaking down the notion that math is just for a select few and highlighted that research shows girls consistently outperform in mathematics until high school, but there’s a drop-off in STEM careers later on. 

The Role of Social Media in Shaping Perceptions 

Social media’s tendency to amplify content can often distort nuanced concepts. Saunders pointed out that the girl math and boy math conversations could lead to overgeneralization and poor perceptions of each gender. 

Wertheimer agrees: “Considering that the corpus callosum and brains of young boys and girls are still developing, if they don’t unpack the importance of having conversations about what math is, who can do it, how it can help, and why they learn it, young people will learn that math is for some people only and that some people are good at it, and that others are not.”  

Finding the Balance 

Educators face the challenge of using humor in education without reinforcing stereotypes. As an educator and millennial, Saunders is embracing meme culture and uses it to make math and practicing more approachable for students. “Humor and meme culture allow teachers to meet students where they are and apply intimidating content in ways that pique their interest,” she said. 

Saunders, Ruiz, and Wertheimer share a common view on the educational opportunities presented by the girl math and boy math social media trends. Ruiz emphasizes the importance of using these trends as teaching moments in the classroom, highlighting the need for sensitivity and context. Her focus is on facilitating discussions around gender equality in STEM fields and addressing stereotypes in math education, underscoring the significance of an inclusive approach. 

Echoing this sentiment, Wertheimer also sees the value in leveraging these trends for educational purposes. He suggests using them to prompt critical thinking and discussions among students. His approach involves questioning societal norms and stereotypes about math and gender, asking, “Why do certain people think certain types of math are only available to and practiced by certain genders?” He encourages exploring the messaging around mathematics and what it reflects about societal values.  

Overall, while these trends have sparked conversation, the experts emphasize the need for careful consideration of how they’re used in educational contexts, ensuring they don’t inadvertently reinforce gender stereotypes. 

This story was produced by Study.com and reviewed and distributed by Stacker Media.


Thu, 04 Jan 2024 03:44:00 -0600 By Stacker en-US text/html https://kvia.com/news/new-mexico/2024/01/04/girl-math-vs-boy-math-math-teachers-weigh-in-on-the-viral-meme-and-how-to-talk-about-it-in-classrooms/
Military & Defense No result found, try new keyword!but it looks to be going after different targets Ukraine struck a new $250 million Russian artillery radar system right after the military touted its arrival A Ukrainian unit rescued a captured ... Wed, 03 Jan 2024 05:04:00 -0600 en-US text/html https://www.businessinsider.com/defense South Korea’s military has a new enemy: Population math

Seoul, South Korea CNN  — 

South Korea, with the world’s lowest birth rate, may soon find itself without enough troops to keep its military fully staffed as it deals with new threats in an increasingly tense Western Pacific region, analysts say.

Always wary of North Korea’s nuclear and missile threats, South Korea keeps an active-duty force of about half a million troops. But with a birth rate of only 0.78 children per woman over a lifetime, the math might be South Korea’s biggest enemy at the moment, and experts say it has no choice but to downsize its forces.

“With their current birth rate, the future is predetermined. Downsizing of the force will be inevitable,” said Choi Byung-ook, a national security professor at Sangmyung University.

To maintain current troops levels, the South Korean military needs to enlist or conscript 200,000 soldiers a year, he said.

But in 2022, fewer than 250,000 babies were born. Assuming about a 50-50 male-female split, that means in 20 years, when those children are of the age to join the military, only about 125,000 men will be available for the 200,000 spots needed.

Women are not conscripted in South Korea, and volunteer females accounted for only 3.6% of the current Korean military, according to Defense Ministry figures.

And the annual number of newborns is only forecasted to drop further, to 220,000 in 2025 and 160,000 in 2072, according to Statistics Korea.

While South Korea’s declining birth rate has been making headlines in exact years, it’s a trend the military had seen coming and prepared for.

In the early 2000s, Seoul voluntarily decided to reduce the number of active soldiers from 674,000 in 2006 to 500,000 by 2020, based on “the premise that the threat from North Korea would gradually diminish,” and to promote a smaller but more elite military force, according to a 
2022 defense white paper.

South Korea’s military has reached that goal, decreasing troop size by 27.6% in two decades, from 2002 to 2022.

But the premise that the threat from North Korea would diminish has proven false.

Kim Jong Un, the third consecutive member of his family dynasty to rule, came to power in Pyongyang in 2011. Despite brief lulls while he negotiated with South Korea and the United States to reduce tensions, he has pushed a massive buildup in the North Korean military, especially in its ballistic missile programs.

Following North Korea’s test of its fifth intercontinental ballistic missile this year, Kim warned that his country would not “hesitate” to conduct a nuclear attack when the enemy provokes with its nuclear weapons, referring to the deployment of US nuclear-capable weapons platforms in
and around the Korean Peninsula, state-media KCNA reported earlier this month.

But if Kim were to attack across the 38th parallel, which divided North and South Korea after the 1953 armistice halting the Korean War, it’s the South Korean military that would bear the biggest defense burden.

Experts say South Korea must look at science to counter that North Korean threat and turn a manpower crisis into a technology transformation.

“Korean defense authorities have had this longstanding policy that they would go from a manpower-centric military to a technology-oriented military,” said Chun In-bum, a former lieutenant general in the South Korean Army.

In 2005, South Korea’s Defense Ministry released a plan to develop its military into a science-technology-centric force by 2020, but progress has been scant.

“Although the military was trying to make the transition, there was no urge, because (with) South Korea’s conscripts … there were plenty of human resources,” Choi said.

But Russia’s war in Ukraine has shown the world that on the modern battlefield, sheer troop numbers aren’t enough. Of the 360,000 soldiers that made up Russia’s pre-invasion ground force, including contract and conscript personnel, Moscow has lost 315,000 on the battlefield, according to a exact US Defense Department assessment.

Ukraine’s use of drones and high-tech weapons supplied by Western partners have taken a deadly toll on Moscow’s greater force numbers.

South Korea has been putting an emphasis on integrating new technologies into its fighting units.

The Defense Ministry last year said it would make a phased transition to an AI-based manned-unmanned teaming (MUM-T) combat system, and introduced the Army TIGER brigade — a so-called “future unit” — which utilizes both manpower and unmanned equipment to carry out missions.

South Korea has also been developing unmanned military equipment, including the medium-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle (MUAV) and unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV).

But Chun, the former South Korean general, says technology is not a panacea.

For instance, it takes manpower to take and hold territory. And it takes well-trained and educated people to run and oversee artificial intelligence (AI) systems on the battlefield.

“It’s not going to be enough, and no matter how they try,” Chun said of technology. “It’s going to help, but it will not solve the problem that they lack people.”

Both he and Choi have ideas on how to get more out of a smaller military force.

For one, leverage of the conscription system and the reserve component that it yields, Chun said.

“We need to revamp their mobilization system, where we’ll be able to tap into the large number of reserve population that they have,” Chun said.

After South Korean men finish their 18 to 21 months of mandatory military service, they become reservists for eight years. During this time, they get called into assigned units once a year to remind them of their positions and duties. And after that, they are subject to participate in civil defense training every year until the age of 40.

The system now gives South Korea 3.1 million reserve troops.

Reservists must attend a two-night, three-day training session every year.

One ongoing pilot system is to have a select number of those reservists train for 180 days a year, to reinforce their skills.

Another option is increasing the number of professional cadres – commissioned, warrant and non-commissioned officers – all of whom are volunteers, serving longer terms, during which they would become well-versed in operating advanced weapons “to prevent a gap in combat capability despite the reduction of standing forces,” according to the 2022 white paper.

The military has been increasing the ratio of cadres among its total force from 31.6% in 2017 to 40.2% in 2022, according to the Defense Ministry. A further rise to 40.5% by 2027 is planned, it said.

One problem with this plan: The population isn’t buying in.

The number of applicants for commissioned officer positions has fallen over the years, from about 30,000 in 2018 to 19,000 in 2022, according to Defense Ministry data.

“The military is having a huge difficulty in securing outstanding entry-level professional cadres who would, in 10, 20 years, form an outstanding officer corps,” Choi said, pointing out that insufficient financial and social benefits for cadres are the main reason behind falling application rates.

And what about turning to women, even in a military with conscription?

Israel has conscription and 40% of its conscripted force is female, according to the Jewish Women’s Archive. In the all-volunteer US and Canadian armed forces, more than 16% of the troops are women.

Choi said conscripting women could solve South Korea’s problem, but he said there are too many impediments to it in Korea’s traditionally patriarchal society. And even if those are overcome, it could simply be too expensive.

“There are various complex factors like social costs and women giving birth. So, I think the cost [in need] would be much higher than the actual profit,” he said.

But Chun thinks attracting women volunteers is doable if the pay is attractive enough.

“If a solder is paid $2,000 [per month], that’s a legitimate job. So, a woman would say, well I want to be able to have that job for $2,000. Because for the same job, she’d probably be paid $1,500 in the outside world,” he said.

For its part, the Defense Ministry says increasing the number of women who serve is a possibility among other ideas.

But there are no timelines for changes and time may be something South Korea doesn’t have much of.

Earlier this month, Statistics Korea reported that the record low birth rate is expected to drop even further in the next two years, to 0.65 births per woman in 2025.

CNN’s Brad Lendon contributed to this report.

Fri, 29 Dec 2023 10:00:00 -0600 en text/html https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/30/asia/south-korea-birth-rate-military-strength-intl-hnk-ml/
Best Cheap Car Insurance For Veterans And Military Families

To identify the best car insurance companies for military members and veterans they evaluated companies based on the following.

Auto insurance rates (50% of score): They used data from Quadrant Information Services to find average rates from each company for good drivers with a military discount, when available. Not all insurers offer a military discount.

Rates are based on a 40-year-old female driver insuring a Toyota RAV4 and coverage of:

  • $100,000 for injuries to one person, $300,000 for injuries per accident and $100,000 of property damage (known as 100/300/100).
  • Uninsured motorist coverage of 100/300.
  • Collision and comprehensive insurance with a $500 deductible.

Coverage features available (25% of score): In this category they awarded points for companies that offer accident forgiveness, new car replacement, vanishing deductibles, usage-based or pay-per-mile insurance, and SR-22s.

Complaints (20% of score): They gave points based on each company’s complaint ratio for auto insurance, which reflects the upheld complaints for each company in relation to its size of business. Data is from the National Association of Insurance Commissioners.

Collision repair (5% of score): They gave points based on the grades of insurance companies from collision repair professionals. They used data provided by CRASH Network, a weekly newsletter covering the collision repair and auto insurance market segments. CRASH Network’s Insurer Report Card uses insurer grades from more than 1,100 collision repair professionals.

Tue, 02 Jan 2024 22:52:00 -0600 Lizzie Nealon en-US text/html https://www.forbes.com/advisor/car-insurance/best-cheap-military-and-veterans-car-insurance/
Where Was the Israeli Military?

The Israeli government had determined that the loosely organized civilian guard, known as Kitat Konnenut, would serve as the first line of defense in the towns and villages near the border. But the guardsmen had different standards of training depending on who was in charge. For years, they warned that some of their units were poorly trained and underequipped, according to two Israeli military officials with direct knowledge of the volunteer teams.

Additionally, the Israeli military reservists were not prepared to quickly mobilize and deploy. Some described heading south on their own initiative.

Davidi Ben Zion, 38, a major in the reserves, said reservists never trained to respond at a moment’s notice to an invasion. The training assumed that Israeli intelligence would learn of a looming invasion in advance, giving reservists time to prepare to deploy.

“The procedure states that they have the battalion ready for combat in 24 hours,” he said. “There’s a checklist to authorize the distribution of everything. They practiced this for many years.”

Hamas capitalized on these errors in ways that further delayed the Israeli response. Terrorists blocked key highway intersections, leaving soldiers bogged down in firefights as they tried to enter besieged towns. And the Hamas siege on the military base in southern Israel crippled the regional command post, paralyzing the military response.

Much remains unknown about that day, including what orders were given inside Israel’s senior military leadership in Tel Aviv, and when. The Times investigation builds on and adds new details to aggressive coverage in the Israeli media of the military response.

Officers and reservists who headed south that morning, whether under orders or on their own, soon learned of the chaos that they were entering.

Gen. Barak Hiram, who was scheduled to soon take over command of a division along the Gaza border, drove south to see firsthand how the soldiers there responded to what seemed like a routine Hamas attack.

In an interview, he recalled the text messages he received from soldiers he knew in the region.

“Come save us.”

“Send the army, quickly, they are killing us.”

“Sorry we’re turning to you, we’re already out of weapons.”

Commando units were among the first to mobilize that morning. Some said they rushed into the fight after receiving messages pleading for help or learning about the infiltrations from social media.

Other units were on standby and received formal activation orders.

The small size of the teams suggested that commanders fundamentally misunderstood the threat. Troops rolled out with pistols and assault rifles, enough to face a band of hostage-taking terrorists, but not to go into full-scale battle.

Previously undisclosed documents reviewed by The Times show just how drastically the military misread the situation. Records from early in the day show that, even during the attack, the military still assessed that Hamas, at best, would be able to breach Israel’s border fence in just a few places. A separate intelligence document, prepared weeks later, shows that Hamas teams actually breached the fence in more than 30 locations and quickly moved deep into southern Israel.

Hamas fighters poured into Israel with heavy machine guns, rocket-propelled grenade launchers, land mines and more. They were prepared to fight for days. Israeli commandos apparently believed they would be fighting for just hours; one said he set out that morning without his night-vision goggles.

“The terrorists had a distinct tactical advantage in firepower,” said Yair Ansbacher, 40, a reservist in a counterterrorism unit who fought on Oct. 7. He and his colleagues mainly used pistols, assault rifles and sometimes sniper rifles, he said.

The situation was so dire that at 9 a.m., the head of Shin Bet, Israel's domestic security agency, issued a rare order. He told all combat-trained, weapons-carrying employees to go south. Shin Bet does not normally activate with the military. Ten Shin Bet operatives were killed that day.

Making matters worse, the military has acknowledged that it moved two commando companies — more than 100 soldiers — to the West Bank just two days before the attack, a reflection of Israel’s mistaken belief that a Hamas attack was not an imminent threat.

That left three infantry battalions and one tank battalion along Gaza’s border. But Oct. 7 was the Jewish holiday of Simchat Torah, and the Sabbath. One senior military officer estimated that about half the 1,500 soldiers in the area were away. He said that another infantry battalion had been reassigned years earlier after Israel finished building a security wall around Gaza.

Whether Hamas knew that the military was understaffed is unclear, but it had fatal consequences. When the attacks began, many soldiers were fighting for their lives instead of protecting residents nearby. Hamas stormed one base, Nahal Oz, forcing soldiers to abandon it and leave behind dead friends.

And just as the civilian volunteers had warned, the first line of defense inside Israel was quickly overwhelmed. Some units barely had enough weapons for an hourslong battle, officials said.

Hamas also worked strategically to weaken Israel’s advantage in firepower. Terrorists targeted Israeli tanks, hitting several of them, said Brig. Gen. Hisham Ibrahim, the commander of the armored corps. Tanks ran out of ammunition, leaving crews to fight with ground soldiers.

In another instance widely covered in the Israeli media, Hamas fired on an Israeli helicopter, forcing it down near Gaza. The paratroopers escaped injury before the helicopter burst into flames.

All of this should have been a clear sign that Israel was under broad attack, facing a dire situation.

But Hamas made another strategic strike that morning that all but blinded Israel’s military at a critical moment.

Fri, 29 Dec 2023 17:43:00 -0600 en text/html https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/30/world/middleeast/israeli-military-hamas-failures.html
South Korea’s military has a new enemy: Population math

South Korea, with the world’s lowest birth rate, may soon find itself without enough troops to keep its military fully staffed as it deals with new threats in an increasingly tense Western Pacific region, analysts say.

Always wary of North Korea’s nuclear and missile threats, South Korea keeps an active-duty force of about half a million troops. But with a birth rate of only 0.78 children per woman over a lifetime, the math might be South Korea’s biggest enemy at the moment, and experts say it has no choice but to downsize its forces.

“With their current birth rate, the future is predetermined. Downsizing of the force will be inevitable,” said Choi Byung-ook, a national security professor at Sangmyung University.

To maintain current troops levels, the South Korean military needs to enlist or conscript 200,000 soldiers a year, he said.

But in 2022, fewer than 250,000 babies were born. Assuming about a 50-50 male-female split, that means in 20 years, when those children are of the age to join the military, only about 125,000 men will be available for the 200,000 spots needed.

Women are not conscripted in South Korea, and volunteer females accounted for only 3.6% of the current Korean military, according to Defense Ministry figures.

And the annual number of newborns is only forecasted to drop further, to 220,000 in 2025 and 160,000 in 2072, according to Statistics Korea.

Preparing for two decades

While South Korea’s declining birth rate has been making headlines in exact years, it’s a trend the military had seen coming and prepared for.

In the early 2000s, Seoul voluntarily decided to reduce the number of active soldiers from 674,000 in 2006 to 500,000 by 2020, based on “the premise that the threat from North Korea would gradually diminish,” and to promote a smaller but more elite military force, according to a 
2022 defense white paper.

South Korea’s military has reached that goal, decreasing troop size by 27.6% in two decades, from 2002 to 2022.

But the premise that the threat from North Korea would diminish has proven false.

Kim Jong Un, the third consecutive member of his family dynasty to rule, came to power in Pyongyang in 2011. Despite brief lulls while he negotiated with South Korea and the United States to reduce tensions, he has pushed a massive buildup in the North Korean military, especially in its ballistic missile programs.

Following North Korea’s test of its fifth intercontinental ballistic missile this year, Kim warned that his country would not “hesitate” to conduct a nuclear attack when the enemy provokes with its nuclear weapons, referring to the deployment of US nuclear-capable weapons platforms in
and around the Korean Peninsula, state-media KCNA reported earlier this month.

But if Kim were to attack across the 38th parallel, which divided North and South Korea after the 1953 armistice halting the Korean War, it’s the South Korean military that would bear the biggest defense burden.

Turning to tech

Experts say South Korea must look at science to counter that North Korean threat and turn a manpower crisis into a technology transformation.

“Korean defense authorities have had this longstanding policy that they would go from a manpower-centric military to a technology-oriented military,” said Chun In-bum, a former lieutenant general in the South Korean Army.

In 2005, South Korea’s Defense Ministry released a plan to develop its military into a science-technology-centric force by 2020, but progress has been scant.

“Although the military was trying to make the transition, there was no urge, because (with) South Korea’s conscripts … there were plenty of human resources,” Choi said.

But Russia’s war in Ukraine has shown the world that on the modern battlefield, sheer troop numbers aren’t enough. Of the 360,000 soldiers that made up Russia’s pre-invasion ground force, including contract and conscript personnel, Moscow has lost 315,000 on the battlefield, according to a exact US Defense Department assessment.

Ukraine’s use of drones and high-tech weapons supplied by Western partners have taken a deadly toll on Moscow’s greater force numbers.

South Korea has been putting an emphasis on integrating new technologies into its fighting units.

The Defense Ministry last year said it would make a phased transition to an AI-based manned-unmanned teaming (MUM-T) combat system, and introduced the Army TIGER brigade — a so-called “future unit” — which utilizes both manpower and unmanned equipment to carry out missions.

South Korea has also been developing unmanned military equipment, including the medium-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle (MUAV) and unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV).

Experts say troops are indispensable

But Chun, the former South Korean general, says technology is not a panacea.

For instance, it takes manpower to take and hold territory. And it takes well-trained and educated people to run and oversee artificial intelligence (AI) systems on the battlefield.

“It’s not going to be enough, and no matter how they try,” Chun said of technology. “It’s going to help, but it will not solve the problem that they lack people.”

Both he and Choi have ideas on how to get more out of a smaller military force.

For one, leverage of the conscription system and the reserve component that it yields, Chun said.

“We need to revamp their mobilization system, where we’ll be able to tap into the large number of reserve population that they have,” Chun said.

After South Korean men finish their 18 to 21 months of mandatory military service, they become reservists for eight years. During this time, they get called into assigned units once a year to remind them of their positions and duties. And after that, they are subject to participate in civil defense training every year until the age of 40.

South Korean Marines look inland after a beach landing rehearsal for Exercise Ssang Yong on March 28 in Pohang, South Korea. - Brad Lendon/CNN

The system now gives South Korea 3.1 million reserve troops.

Reservists must attend a two-night, three-day training session every year.

One ongoing pilot system is to have a select number of those reservists train for 180 days a year, to reinforce their skills.

Another option is increasing the number of professional cadres – commissioned, warrant and non-commissioned officers – all of whom are volunteers, serving longer terms, during which they would become well-versed in operating advanced weapons “to prevent a gap in combat capability despite the reduction of standing forces,” according to the 2022 white paper.

The military has been increasing the ratio of cadres among its total force from 31.6% in 2017 to 40.2% in 2022, according to the Defense Ministry. A further rise to 40.5% by 2027 is planned, it said.

A recruitment problem

One problem with this plan: The population isn’t buying in.

The number of applicants for commissioned officer positions has fallen over the years, from about 30,000 in 2018 to 19,000 in 2022, according to Defense Ministry data.

“The military is having a huge difficulty in securing outstanding entry-level professional cadres who would, in 10, 20 years, form an outstanding officer corps,” Choi said, pointing out that insufficient financial and social benefits for cadres are the main reason behind falling application rates.

And what about turning to women, even in a military with conscription?

Israel has conscription and 40% of its conscripted force is female, according to the Jewish Women’s Archive. In the all-volunteer US and Canadian armed forces, more than 16% of the troops are women.

Choi said conscripting women could solve South Korea’s problem, but he said there are too many impediments to it in Korea’s traditionally patriarchal society. And even if those are overcome, it could simply be too expensive.

“There are various complex factors like social costs and women giving birth. So, I think the cost [in need] would be much higher than the actual profit,” he said.

But Chun thinks attracting women volunteers is doable if the pay is attractive enough.

“If a solder is paid $2,000 [per month], that’s a legitimate job. So, a woman would say, well I want to be able to have that job for $2,000. Because for the same job, she’d probably be paid $1,500 in the outside world,” he said.

For its part, the Defense Ministry says increasing the number of women who serve is a possibility among other ideas.

But there are no timelines for changes and time may be something South Korea doesn’t have much of.

Earlier this month, Statistics Korea reported that the record low birth rate is expected to drop even further in the next two years, to 0.65 births per woman in 2025.

CNN’s Brad Lendon contributed to this report.

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Fri, 29 Dec 2023 10:00:00 -0600 en-US text/html https://news.yahoo.com/south-korea-military-enemy-population-002014901.html




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